Geological and Pedoclimatic Controls on Soil Evolution and Degradation in Humid Tropical Gabon: Insights from Ferralitic and Coastal Sedimentary Terrains

Rolf Gael Mabicka Obame; Elie Fosso Menkem; Neil-Yohan Musadji; Maurice Ognalaga; Lydie-Stella Koutika; Jean Aubin Ondo; Graham Oroedjogo Nouhando; Jeremy Soumaho; Eric Raivire; Warren Mayobe; Hervé Patrick Opiangah

doi:10.63095/NBSEH.26.7451298

Authors

Rolf Gael Mabicka Obame Institut national supérieur d'agronomie et de Biotechnologies
Elie Fosso Menkem Department of Geology, University of Buea, Buea
Neil-Yohan Musadji University of Science and Technology of Masuku, National Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Department of Fundamental Engineering Sciences, Soil and Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Laboratory of Chemistry, Environments and Inorganic Materials
Maurice Ognalaga University of Science and Technology of Masuku, National Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Department of Fundamental Engineering Sciences, Soil and Environmental Analysis Laboratory
Lydie-Stella Koutika Centre de Recherche sur la Productivité et la Durabilité des Plantations Industrielles, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo.
Jean Aubin Ondo Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire Des Sciences, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Libreville, Gabon
Graham Oroedjogo Nouhando University of Science and Technology of Masuku, National Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Department of Fundamental Engineering Sciences, Soil and Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Laboratory of Chemistry
Jeremy Soumaho Esri France, 38 avenue du Château, 92195, Meudon, France
Eric Raivire Sucaf Gabon Somdiaa, Franceville
Warren Mayobe University of Science and Technology of Masuku, National Institute of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Department of Fundamental Engineering Sciences, Soil and Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Laboratory of Chemistry
Hervé Patrick Opiangah Gabonese Agricultural Development Company of Gabon

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63095/NBSEH.26.7451298

Keywords:

Lithological inheritance, Tropical soil degradation, Sustainable soil management

Abstract

Tropical soils are critical components of the Earth system, sustaining ecosystem functions, food production, and biogeochemical regulation. In humid equatorial regions, their fertility and resilience are strongly shaped by lithological inheritance and climate-driven weathering. This study investigates how parent material and pedoclimatic factors influence soil evolution, fertility, and degradation dynamics in two contrasting systems in Gabon: ferralitic soils over ancient granito-gneissic basement at Koula-Moutou and coastal sedimentary sands at Kango. Physicochemical analyses revealed that both systems are inherently nutrient-poor but exhibit divergent characteristics. Ferralitic soils, shaped by advanced weathering, were highly acidic (pH < 4.5), with low cation exchange capacity, strong phosphorus fixation, and severe base cation depletion. Coastal sands, derived from younger fluviomarine deposits, had higher porosity, moderate organic matter, and improved nutrient retention, despite structural fragility. Indices of degradation (SDR), vulnerability (Vp), and the Cumulative Rating Index (CRI) confirmed these contrasts. Ferralitic soils showed higher degradation but lower vulnerability due to persistent weathering. Coastal sands, while less degraded, were more sensitive to nutrient loss. These findings support the hypothesis that lithology governs fertility dynamics and degradation susceptibility in tropical soils.

This work provides new insights into geologically conditioned soil functioning in tropical landscapes. It underscores the need for site-specific soil management strategies such as pH correction, organic matter inputs, and conservation practices that align with substrate properties. Integrating geoscientific and pedological knowledge is essential to restore degraded soils, sustain agroecosystem services, and inform land governance in the Congo Basin and similar tropical regions.

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